HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin)

Reference ranges

Optimal ranges are tighter than standard lab ranges and reflect functional-medicine targets, not the populations they were derived from. Reference bands depend on sex, age, and circumstance — Juno's lab analysis layers your profile context onto the printed range when you paste a value.

Peptide relevance

Tirzepatide reduces HbA1c by ~2.0% over 40 weeks in T2D patients (SURPASS trials). Semaglutide reduces by ~1.5% (SUSTAIN trials). Liraglutide ~1.0%. Both classes are GLP-1 agonists with concentration-dependent effect on insulin secretion + glucagon suppression + delayed gastric emptying. CJC-1295 / Ipamorelin: GH effects can transiently INCREASE insulin resistance and modestly raise HbA1c in some users — opposite direction of GLP-1 agonists. BPC-157: no documented HbA1c effect.

Peptides that influence this marker

Documented to affect this marker. Click through for the full evidence-tiered profile.

• 5-Amino-1MQ
  NNMT inhibitor (small molecule)

  NNMT inhibitor — preclinical insulin sensitivity benefit; human HbA1c data limited

• Tier 1 — Human RCTCagriSema↓· repeat at 3 months
  Blend

  Most relevant in a metabolic/T2D context.

• Tier 1 — Human RCTCagrilintide↓· repeat at 3 months
  Amylin analog

  Amylin analog — adjunct for glycemic control; often paired with semaglutide

• MOTS-c
  Mitochondrial-derived peptide

  Mitochondrial peptide — preclinical insulin sensitivity benefit; human HbA1c data limited

• Tier 1 — Human RCTRetatrutide↓· repeat at 3 months
  GLP-1 / GIP / glucagon triple agonist

  Triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon — clinical-trial HbA1c reductions exceed tirzepatide

• Tier 1 — Human RCTSemaglutide↓· repeat at 3 months
  GLP-1 receptor agonist

  GLP-1 receptor agonist — established HbA1c reduction; FDA-approved for T2DM

• Tier 1 — Human RCTTirzepatide↓· repeat at 3 months
  GLP-1 / GIP dual agonist

  Dual GIP/GLP-1 — superior HbA1c reduction vs GLP-1 alone