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Longevity

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NAD+ precursor

NMN

Also known as: Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, β-NMN, MIB-626 (Metro Biotech investigational form)

Oral NAD+ precursor with growing — but contested — human data. Bioavailability is the unresolved question: oral NMN is largely converted to NR before it reaches cells.

Reviewed 2026-05-04

What it does

NMN (β-nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a nucleotide — not a peptide — that sits one step upstream of NAD+ in the salvage pathway. It is included in this library because users overwhelmingly stack NMN alongside peptide regimens for 'longevity,' and because most competitor apps quietly include NAD+/NMN/NR with peptides without disclosing they are not peptides. The bioavailability question is genuinely live: studies suggest much of an oral NMN dose is dephosphorylated to nicotinamide riboside (NR) at the gut wall before reaching systemic circulation, with the SLC12A8 NMN-specific transporter proposed by Yoshida et al. but disputed by Schmidt & Brenner. Several small human RCTs show NMN raises blood NAD+ levels; the leap from 'NAD+ went up' to 'aging slowed' is not established.

Used for

Dose

Starting
100,000 mcg · once daily
Common
650,000 mcg · once daily
Upper
1,200,000 mcg · once daily
When
MorningNAD precursor — sublingual or oral. Morning, ideally with breakfast. Some users report better tolerance when taken before a meal vs after.
Site
oral

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⚠ Caution

  • Active malignancy (theoretical concern from sirtuin and NAD+ metabolism intersections with cancer biology; consult oncology)
  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding (no human safety data)
  • Caution with chemotherapy regimens whose mechanism involves NAD+/PARP pathways
  • Known hypersensitivity to formulation excipients

Your stack

Track this peptide in your protocol — dose, schedule, vials on hand, refill projection. Stays in your browser; no account needed.

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Reconstitution & storage

Oral NMN is supplied as capsules, powder, or sublingual lozenges — no reconstitution. Compounded SubQ NMN: a 100 mg/mL solution makes a 100 mg dose = 1 mL = 100 units on a U-100 syringe. Concentration varies by compounding pharmacy; verify per batch.

Storage. Oral: room temperature, dry, protect from light. Some manufacturers recommend refrigeration to extend stability. Compounded SubQ: refrigerate 2–8 °C, use within vendor expiration.

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Monitoring & questions

Reported side effects
  • Oral: generally well tolerated; mild GI upset, headache, occasional flushing
  • SubQ: injection-site stinging or redness reported (less commonly than NAD+ SubQ)
  • Theoretical: long-term effects of sustained elevated cellular NAD+ on sirtuin activity, immune signaling, and tumor biology are not fully characterized in humans

Reference

How it works

NMN is converted to NAD+ by NMNAT enzymes intracellularly. Whether oral NMN is taken up intact (via the proposed Slc12a8 NMN transporter) or whether it is first dephosphorylated to NR at the gut brush border and then re-phosphorylated to NMN inside cells is an active scientific dispute. NAD+ in turn serves as a coenzyme for sirtuins (SIRT1–7), PARPs, and CD38, and is an essential cofactor in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

EvidenceTier 3 — Animal / in vitro

Tiers are per indication. The same molecule can be Tier 1 for one use and Tier 4 for another — the tier reflects published literature, not community framing.

Raising blood NAD+ levels

Tier 2high confidence

Multiple small human RCTs (Irie et al., Yoshino et al., Liao et al., Pencina/MIB-626 trial) consistently show measurable elevations in whole-blood NAD+ with daily oral dosing. The hormonal/biochemical effect is real. Tier 2 because the indication of 'raising blood NAD+' is biochemical, not a clinical outcome.

Yoshino M et al. 2021Pencina KM et al. 2023

Insulin sensitivity / metabolic health

Tier 3high confidence

Yoshino et al. (Science 2021, n=25 prediabetic women, 250 mg/day for 10 weeks) reported improved muscle insulin sensitivity. Other studies have been mixed; the MIB-626 trial in overweight middle-aged adults did not show clinically meaningful improvements in insulin sensitivity at the studied doses. Tier 3 by Rule 8 (mixed evidence → conservative).

Yoshino M et al. 2021Pencina KM et al. 2023

Aerobic capacity / athletic performance

Tier 3medium confidence

Liao et al. (J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021, n=48 amateur runners, 6 weeks) reported modest improvements in aerobic ventilatory thresholds with 300–1200 mg/day. Single small trial; replication outside the original lab is limited.

Liao B et al. 2021

Generic 'anti-aging' / longevity

Tier 3high confidence

Strong preclinical case in mice (Sinclair lab and others). No clinical-outcome data in humans demonstrating slowed aging or extended healthspan. Mechanism-as-evidence is the dominant marketing pattern; resist by Rule 3.

No primary citations are anchored to this indication — the tier reflects the absence of usable literature, not a missing reference.

Citations (3)
  1. [1]
    Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women
    Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. · Science · 2021 · PMID 33888596
    Anchor Phase 2 RCT showing improved muscle insulin sensitivity with NMN; primary human trial cited for the metabolic indication.
    View source
  2. [2]
    Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study
    Liao B, Zhao Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Hao X, Hu M · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2021 · PMID 34238308
    Small RCT of oral NMN and aerobic capacity; anchor for the Tier 3 athletic performance claim.
    View source
  3. [3]
    MIB-626, an Oral Formulation of a Microcrystalline Unique Polymorph of β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, Increases Circulating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Its Metabolome in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
    Pencina KM, Lavu S, Dos Santos M, et al. · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 2023 · PMID 36702359
    Larger RCT of pharmaceutical-grade NMN (MIB-626) in middle-aged/older adults; confirms NAD+ elevation but reports limited functional improvement.
    View source